Neurosurgery as a Top-Drawer Choice for Residency in India: Reality or Myth?

INTRODUCTION: This survey was conducted to explore the perceptions of undergraduate (UG) medical students regarding enrolling in a neurosurgical training program. The purpose was to understand' expectations, reasons, apprehensions, and variables influencing students' decisions to pursue a career in neurosurgery. The results shed light on students' perceptions and can help educational institutions and training programs draw in and encourage aspiring neurosurgeons. METHODS: A 35-point online questionnaire was created using Google Forms (Google LLC) after content and face validation and circulated using social media platforms among various public medical colleges across India. Responses were collected over a period of 3 months, from February 2023 to April 2023. A 5-point Likert scale was used to collect the responses wherever applicable. RESULTS: A total of 1042 respondents from 47 medical colleges completed the survey. The majority of the students were not exposed to neurosurgery during their UG program, but despite this, 60.1% (n = 627) were willing to consider it as their career option. Around 91.4% of the respondents perceived neurosurgery to be a challenging but prestigious specialty that has a long learning curve and the worst work-life balance when compared with other specialties. The majority of the respondents (strongly disagree = 24.3%, n = 253; disagree = 31.7%, n = 330) did not view neurosurgery as a male-dominated specialty. Most students preferred a 6-year training program over a 3-year program (P = 0.001) if their medical college had such a course. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that although a majority of the UG students would like to join neurosurgery residency, there are significant barriers in the form of less exposure, negative perceptions, and apprehensions toward the branch. Enhancing medical students' awareness about neurosurgery necessitates the integration of hands-on workshops, simulation-based training, didactic lectures, and neurosurgery rotations into the UG curriculum.

Inference of cell state transitions and cell fate plasticity from single-cell with MARGARET.

Despite recent advances in inferring cellular dynamics using single-cell RNA-seq data, existing trajectory inference (TI) methods face difficulty in accurately reconstructing the cell-state manifold and cell-fate plasticity for complex topologies. Here, we present MARGARET (https://github.com/Zafar-Lab/Margaret) for inferring single-cell trajectory and fate mapping for diverse dynamic cellular processes. MARGARET reconstructs complex trajectory topologies using a deep unsupervised metric learning and a graph-partitioning approach based on a novel connectivity measure, automatically detects terminal cell states, and generalizes the quantification of fate plasticity for complex topologies. On a diverse benchmark consisting of synthetic and real datasets, MARGARET outperformed state-of-the-art methods in recovering global topology and cell pseudotime ordering. For human hematopoiesis, MARGARET accurately identified all major lineages and associated gene expression trends and helped identify transitional progenitors associated with key branching events. For embryoid body differentiation, MARGARET identified novel transitional populations that were validated by bulk sequencing and functionally characterized different precursor populations in the mesoderm lineage. For colon differentiation, MARGARET characterized the lineage for BEST4/OTOP2 cells and the heterogeneity in goblet cell lineage in the colon under normal and inflamed ulcerative colitis conditions. Finally, we demonstrated that MARGARET can scale to large scRNA-seq datasets consisting of ∼ millions of cells.

Variation of pressure from cervical to distal end of oesophagus during swallowing: Study of a mathematical model.

The investigation is an attempt to explore the cause that generates high pressure in the distal oesophagus compared to that in the proximal part. We observe through computer simulation that peristaltic waves of even slightly but progressively increasing amplitude can generate high pressure near the distal end. This is illustrated through exponential growth in the wave amplitude, which represents the dependence of the rate of growth of amplitude on its current magnitude. This may be physically interpreted that the generation of high pressure in the lower oesophagus ensures complete bolus delivery to the stomach through the cardiac sphincter. This finding may prove to be a very prominent result towards creating a prosthetic oesophagus. Some more conclusions with regard to progressive exponential increase in amplitude are also drawn. The pressure falls to zero invariably in the proximal half of every bolus, whereas for constant amplitude, zero pressure is located exactly at the midpoints of the boluses for Newtonian flows. Backward flow of fluid takes place in a smaller region if amplitude increases. Circular muscles contract more in the lower oesophagus to generate higher pressure in the distal oesophagus. In a sharp contrast to the case of constant-amplitude, pressure is neither uniformly distributed in a wave, nor is of identical shape for all boluses in the case of train wave propagation. Pressure distribution along the axis of the oesophagus differs in shape and magnitude both when a single wave propagates.